-
1 vocabulary
vəuˈkæbjulərɪ
1. сущ.
1) словарь, список слов( и фраз), расположенных в алфавитном порядке и снабженных пояснениями vocabulary entry ≈ словарная статья
2) словарный состав (языка) ;
лексика a new word in the German vocabulary ≈ новое слово в немецкой лексике basic vocabulary ≈ базовая лексика technical vocabulary ≈ техническая лексика
3) запас слов;
лексикон, словарь ( писателя, группы лиц и т. п.) His speech is immature, his vocabulary limited. ≈ Его речь незрелая, запас слов ограничен. We read to improve our vocabularies. ≈ Мы читали, чтобы улучшить наш словарный запас. to build vocabulary, develop vocabulary, enlarge vocabulary ≈ увеличивать словарный запас, обогащать словарный запас active vocabulary ≈ активный словарь extensive vocabulary, huge vocabulary, large vocabulary, rich vocabulary ≈ большой словарный запас meager vocabulary, restricted vocabulary, small vocabulary ≈ бедный лексический запас, небольшой запас слов passive vocabulary ≈ пассивный словарь
4) терминология;
номенклатура the vocabulary of natural science ≈ естественнонаучная терминология
2. прил. относящийся к словам;
состоящий из слов, связанный со словами vocabulary entry ≈ словарная статья Treat it as a vocabulary quarrel to which it would be childish to attach any importance. ≈ Эту ссору следует расценивать как обыкновенную словесную перепалку;
было бы ребячеством придавать ей какое бы то ни было значение. алфавитный перечень слов (и фраз) с пояснениями или переводом;
вокабулярий словник - * entry словарная статья словарный состав( языка), лексика словарный запас;
словарь (писателя, социального слоя и т. п.) - passive * пассивный словарный запас - Chaucerian * словарь Чосера - * test проверка словарного запаса (ученика и т. п.) терминология;
номенклатура - scientific * научная терминология - * of stores( военное) номенклатура табельного имущества;
номенклатурный справочник - * stores (военное) табельное имущество кодовый справочник (для шифровальных работ) vocabulary запас слов;
лексикон ~ словарный состав (языка) ;
лексика;
словарь (писателя, группы лиц и т. п.) ~ словарь, список слов (и фраз), расположенных в алфавитном порядке и снабженных пояснениями ~ attr. словарный;
vocabulary entry словарная статья ~ attr. словарный;
vocabulary entry словарная статьяБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > vocabulary
-
2 vocabulary
[və'kæbjul(ə)rɪ]сущ.1) лексикон, лексика (какого-л. языка)a new word in the German vocabulary — новое слово в немецком лексиконе, в немецком языке
2) лексикон, словарный запас ( отдельного человека)extensive / huge / large / rich vocabulary — большой словарный запас
meager / restricted / small vocabulary — бедный лексический запас, небольшой запас слов
to build / develop / enlarge vocabulary — увеличивать словарный запас, обогащать словарный запас
His vocabulary was sound and his grammar excellent. — У него был большой словарный запас и блестящее знание грамматики.
His speech is immature, his vocabulary limited. — Его речь незрелая, запас слов ограничен.
We read to improve our vocabularies. — Мы читаем, чтобы совершенствовать свой словарный запас.
3) лексикон (представителей какой-л. профессии), (профессиональная) лексика, терминология4) вокабулярий; глоссарий; словарь5) информ. список, перечень команд ( ЭВМ) -
3 Psychology
We come therefore now to that knowledge whereunto the ancient oracle directeth us, which is the knowledge of ourselves; which deserveth the more accurate handling, by how much it toucheth us more nearly. This knowledge, as it is the end and term of natural philosophy in the intention of man, so notwithstanding it is but a portion of natural philosophy in the continent of nature.... [W]e proceed to human philosophy or Humanity, which hath two parts: the one considereth man segregate, or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as Human philosophy is either Simple and Particular, or Conjugate and Civil. Humanity Particular consisteth of the same parts whereof man consisteth; that is, of knowledges which respect the Body, and of knowledges that respect the Mind... how the one discloseth the other and how the one worketh upon the other... [:] the one is honored with the inquiry of Aristotle, and the other of Hippocrates. (Bacon, 1878, pp. 236-237)The claims of Psychology to rank as a distinct science are... not smaller but greater than those of any other science. If its phenomena are contemplated objectively, merely as nervo-muscular adjustments by which the higher organisms from moment to moment adapt their actions to environing co-existences and sequences, its degree of specialty, even then, entitles it to a separate place. The moment the element of feeling, or consciousness, is used to interpret nervo-muscular adjustments as thus exhibited in the living beings around, objective Psychology acquires an additional, and quite exceptional, distinction. (Spencer, 1896, p. 141)Kant once declared that psychology was incapable of ever raising itself to the rank of an exact natural science. The reasons that he gives... have often been repeated in later times. In the first place, Kant says, psychology cannot become an exact science because mathematics is inapplicable to the phenomena of the internal sense; the pure internal perception, in which mental phenomena must be constructed,-time,-has but one dimension. In the second place, however, it cannot even become an experimental science, because in it the manifold of internal observation cannot be arbitrarily varied,-still less, another thinking subject be submitted to one's experiments, comformably to the end in view; moreover, the very fact of observation means alteration of the observed object. (Wundt, 1904, p. 6)It is [Gustav] Fechner's service to have found and followed the true way; to have shown us how a "mathematical psychology" may, within certain limits, be realized in practice.... He was the first to show how Herbart's idea of an "exact psychology" might be turned to practical account. (Wundt, 1904, pp. 6-7)"Mind," "intellect," "reason," "understanding," etc. are concepts... that existed before the advent of any scientific psychology. The fact that the naive consciousness always and everywhere points to internal experience as a special source of knowledge, may, therefore, be accepted for the moment as sufficient testimony to the rights of psychology as science.... "Mind," will accordingly be the subject, to which we attribute all the separate facts of internal observation as predicates. The subject itself is determined p. 17) wholly and exclusively by its predicates. (Wundt, 1904,The study of animal psychology may be approached from two different points of view. We may set out from the notion of a kind of comparative physiology of mind, a universal history of the development of mental life in the organic world. Or we may make human psychology the principal object of investigation. Then, the expressions of mental life in animals will be taken into account only so far as they throw light upon the evolution of consciousness in man.... Human psychology... may confine itself altogether to man, and generally has done so to far too great an extent. There are plenty of psychological text-books from which you would hardly gather that there was any other conscious life than the human. (Wundt, 1907, pp. 340-341)The Behaviorist began his own formulation of the problem of psychology by sweeping aside all medieval conceptions. He dropped from his scientific vocabulary all subjective terms such as sensation, perception, image, desire, purpose, and even thinking and emotion as they were subjectively defined. (Watson, 1930, pp. 5-6)According to the medieval classification of the sciences, psychology is merely a chapter of special physics, although the most important chapter; for man is a microcosm; he is the central figure of the universe. (deWulf, 1956, p. 125)At the beginning of this century the prevailing thesis in psychology was Associationism.... Behavior proceeded by the stream of associations: each association produced its successors, and acquired new attachments with the sensations arriving from the environment.In the first decade of the century a reaction developed to this doctrine through the work of the Wurzburg school. Rejecting the notion of a completely self-determining stream of associations, it introduced the task ( Aufgabe) as a necessary factor in describing the process of thinking. The task gave direction to thought. A noteworthy innovation of the Wurzburg school was the use of systematic introspection to shed light on the thinking process and the contents of consciousness. The result was a blend of mechanics and phenomenalism, which gave rise in turn to two divergent antitheses, Behaviorism and the Gestalt movement. The behavioristic reaction insisted that introspection was a highly unstable, subjective procedure.... Behaviorism reformulated the task of psychology as one of explaining the response of organisms as a function of the stimuli impinging upon them and measuring both objectively. However, Behaviorism accepted, and indeed reinforced, the mechanistic assumption that the connections between stimulus and response were formed and maintained as simple, determinate functions of the environment.The Gestalt reaction took an opposite turn. It rejected the mechanistic nature of the associationist doctrine but maintained the value of phenomenal observation. In many ways it continued the Wurzburg school's insistence that thinking was more than association-thinking has direction given to it by the task or by the set of the subject. Gestalt psychology elaborated this doctrine in genuinely new ways in terms of holistic principles of organization.Today psychology lives in a state of relatively stable tension between the poles of Behaviorism and Gestalt psychology.... (Newell & Simon, 1963, pp. 279-280)As I examine the fate of our oppositions, looking at those already in existence as guide to how they fare and shape the course of science, it seems to me that clarity is never achieved. Matters simply become muddier and muddier as we go down through time. Thus, far from providing the rungs of a ladder by which psychology gradually climbs to clarity, this form of conceptual structure leads rather to an ever increasing pile of issues, which we weary of or become diverted from, but never really settle. (Newell, 1973b, pp. 288-289)The subject matter of psychology is as old as reflection. Its broad practical aims are as dated as human societies. Human beings, in any period, have not been indifferent to the validity of their knowledge, unconcerned with the causes of their behavior or that of their prey and predators. Our distant ancestors, no less than we, wrestled with the problems of social organization, child rearing, competition, authority, individual differences, personal safety. Solving these problems required insights-no matter how untutored-into the psychological dimensions of life. Thus, if we are to follow the convention of treating psychology as a young discipline, we must have in mind something other than its subject matter. We must mean that it is young in the sense that physics was young at the time of Archimedes or in the sense that geometry was "founded" by Euclid and "fathered" by Thales. Sailing vessels were launched long before Archimedes discovered the laws of bouyancy [ sic], and pillars of identical circumference were constructed before anyone knew that C IID. We do not consider the ship builders and stone cutters of antiquity physicists and geometers. Nor were the ancient cave dwellers psychologists merely because they rewarded the good conduct of their children. The archives of folk wisdom contain a remarkable collection of achievements, but craft-no matter how perfected-is not science, nor is a litany of successful accidents a discipline. If psychology is young, it is young as a scientific discipline but it is far from clear that psychology has attained this status. (Robinson, 1986, p. 12)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychology
См. также в других словарях:
vocabulary — [[t]voʊkæ̱bjʊləri, AM leri[/t]] vocabularies 1) N VAR: oft with poss Your vocabulary is the total number of words you know in a particular language. His speech is immature, his vocabulary limited... We read to improve our vocabularies. 2) N SING… … English dictionary
Natural language processing — (NLP) is a field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages; it began as a branch of artificial intelligence.[1] In theory, natural language processing is a very attractive… … Wikipedia
Science and the Church — • Dicsusses the relationship between the two subjects Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Science and the Church Science and the Church … Catholic encyclopedia
The Botanic Garden — (1791) is a set of two poems, The Economy of Vegetation and The Loves of the Plants , by the British poet and naturalist Erasmus Darwin. The Economy of Vegetation celebrates technological innovation, scientific discovery and offers theories… … Wikipedia
The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist — The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist In this article we shall consider: ♦ the fact of the Real Presence, which is, indeed, the central dogma; ♦ the … Catholic encyclopedia
science, philosophy of — Branch of philosophy that attempts to elucidate the nature of scientific inquiry observational procedures, patterns of argument, methods of representation and calculation, metaphysical presuppositions and evaluate the grounds of their validity… … Universalium
Paris arts faculty (The): Siger of Brabant, Boethius of Dacia, Radulphus Brito — The Paris arts faculty: Siger of Brabant, Boethius of Dacia, Radulphus Brito Sten Ebbesen Throughout the thirteenth century Paris overshadowed all other universities in the arts as in theology. This chapter will deal almost exclusively with Paris … History of philosophy
The Idler (1758–1760) — This article is about the 18th century series of essays. For other publications called The Idler, see The Idler (disambiguation). The Idler was a series of 103 essays, all but twelve of them by Samuel Johnson, published in the London weekly the… … Wikipedia
The Sea — Meer „Die See“ (englischer Originaltitel “The Sea”) ist ein Roman des irischen Schriftstellers John Banville aus dem Jahr 2005. Der 18. Roman des in Dublin lebenden Schriftstellers und Literatur Journalisten John Banville erzählt von dem in die… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Natural language understanding — Learning to read by Sigurður málari, 19th century. Natural language understanding is a subtopic of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension. The proc … Wikipedia
The Pilgrim's Progress — For the Kula Shaker album, see Pilgrims Progress (album). The Pilgrim s Progress … Wikipedia
